Purpose of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Purpose of Art - Essay Example The mood was somber yet violent depicting an ongoing fierce battle – field with a raging battle fought in defiance between male and female in order to gain supremacy. Heart of Andes was by artist Fredric Edwin Church who was born on the 4th of May 1826, in Hartford, Connecticut. He was an American landscape artist who always used a dimension of spirituality in his work and this painting was commissioned in 1859.   Interpretation of the meaning -.Beautifully executed piece of work where the artist brings out the beauty and serenity of the landscape. The meaning portrayed here is that it is possible for human beings to be one with God’s bountiful nature without destroying it. He had composed the painting with beautiful trees, rivers and mountains which remind us that it is impossible to imagine our world without them. Mood – The mood that the painting denotes is one of peace and calm showing that the artist would have been in a very peaceful mood while painting this picture. It kindles the audience to reflect on the wonderful gift of nature in all its beauty. The Volga  Boat - men,  was by ILYA Repin, a Ukrainian artist born in 1844. He was given extensive and intensive training from his childhood and became an icon painter since then. He entered St. Petersburg at the age of 19 during the time of the rebellion,  when young artists refused to work on any mythological subject but instead wanted to do  real life subjects. The Barge Hollows of Volga 1817- 1873 was his first major work. He was introduced to impressionism when he went to Paris.   Interpretation of the meaning - It shows the hard or harsh reality of life. It also depicts cheap labor almost amounting to slavery. The sad  expression on each face tells that they cannot escape. The sad and tired lines on their faces  and the dragging of  their feet give the mood of

Case study of patient care in radiography

Case study of patient care in radiography This investigation will consider the needs of a 24-year-old female patient who has been referred for an abdominal X-ray. The patient arrived from the emergency department on a trolley with suspected perforation. She appears to be in a lot of pain, is on oxygen and has been vomiting. She speaks Bengali with little English. She is accompanied by a nurse and her older brother who speaks English. This report aims to identify needs and requirements to form the most suitable plan of care for the patient, whilst in the radiography department. The following objectives will be taken into consideration; the needs of the patient, legal requirements and the role as a healthcare professional. Areas that will be considered in this investigation are communication, consent, patient dignity, health and safety, patient management and inter-professional collaboration. Patients beliefs, ethical issues and confidentiality need to be taken into account when planning patient care, as care needs to be tailo red for each individual person who uses hospital services. In this investigation all the issues mentioned will be addressed and a care plan will be made for this patient. Communication: Communication is vital with patients as the procedure needs to be explained and understood before the patient gives consent. The 3-point-check, checking the patients name, date of birth and address could help show how much English the patient understands as well as identifying the patient. Last menstrual period also needs to be checked before an x-ray as it could damage the growth of a foetus. The nurse may have already performed a pregnancy test or made arrangements for communication as the patient speaks little English. Communication with the patients brother could also be beneficial as he speaks English and could be used as an interpreter if no professional interpreter is available. Interpreters can also be used to convey non-verbal communication such as body movements and gestures. It is normally preferred that relatives are not used as interpreters due the unknown reliability of translation (Fraser and Cooper, 2009). Consent from the patient is required for anyone to be present in the room. In 2004 the British Red Cross and Department of Health issued multilingual phrasebooks to every UK hospital, which covers 36 languages, including Bengali. The intention was to provide translations of common medical terms and questions that can be used for basic communication with patients. Another issue, which could effect communication, is that the patient is nervous, in pain, on oxygen and is vomiting. This could make it difficult for the patient to talk and cause misunderstanding about what is being said. To ease this the patient will need to be kept calm and comfortable by using simple language to explain the procedure and respecting the patients individual beliefs and needs (Department of Health, 2003). Patient Dignity: Patient dignity is an important part of health care. This includes patient privacy and patients religious, social and ethical beliefs. Privacy can be maintained by providing private areas the patient to undress and discuss treatment. This may not be necessary for this patient as she may already be in a gown or could be unable to undress herself. Once communication with the patient has been organised, her beliefs need to be made clear as it may make a difference to the way that care is provided. The main religious beliefs that may have an effect in a radiography department are a requirement to be treated by a radiographer of the same sex and prohibition to undress in company of others (Department of Health, 2009). For an abdominal X-ray, any material, like metal, which may affect the image, will need to be removed from the area. This may not be appropriate for the patient. Issues with the sex of radiographers can be overcome if other staffs are available. In circumstances where an ima ge cannot be taken due to patients needs and requirements, the patient must be informed of the risks involved and be offered other forms of treatment. As researched by Field and Smith (2008) it may not be appropriate for the brother to be with the patient. The patients dignity may be lost if information about delicate issues, such as last menstrual period (LMP), is known by family members. Consent: Before the abdomen x-ray can be taken the patients consent is needed. Consent is also needed for the patients brother or an interpreter to be in the room and for the radiographer to touch the patient for positioning. For consent to be valid the patient has to be correctly informed and must have the capacity to give consent for the procedure in question (Department of Health, 2009). The patient must not be influenced or pressured into either giving consent or not giving consent. Being pressured or influenced can come from healthcare professionals, family members or friends. This is why the patients brother is an unreliable source for translation as he could give false translations if he doesnt agree with the female patients decision. In this case it will be vitally important that good communication is made, as the patient may not understand what is said because she speaks little English. The level of understanding may be impaired due to the patient being nervous, vomiting and on oxyge n. Due to this it may not be possible to gain written consent so other forms of consent can be used. Consent can be written or verbal. Written consent is normally preferred as it can be used as evidence if necessary. Informed consent is signalled by the actions and behaviour of an informed patient (Department of Health, 2009). For example if the patient positively responds to requests then it can count as consent. The nurse who has accompanied the patient to the radiography department could be a witness to verbal or informed consent. Health and Safety: Health and safety is essential in the NHS. This includes health and safety of workers, patients, visitors and anyone who enters the hospital. As the female patient has suspected perforation, is on oxygen and has been vomiting, it is likely that she is a trauma patient. Anger or aggression is a common way to react to trauma. The communication barriers could worsen this. Anger is a reaction to fear and uncertainty and if not controlled can cause danger to workers and carers in the hospital (Easton, 2009). Control methods include talking to the patient, making sure that she understands what is happening and considering body language, as this could worry the patient or the patients brother. Also as the patient is on oxygen and has been vomiting its necessary to ensure that the oxygen tank is functional throughout the procedure and that back-up supplies are available if needed. The patient has been transferred on a trolley so will need to be moved to the table for the abdomen x-ray. As th e patient may not be able to move herself, a team of trained staff will be required for manual handling to move the patient. The movement can be done in many ways including log rolling and the use of a slip mat. The team should include about 6 members of staff to ensure that no injury is caused to the staff; i.e. back injury, and to ensure that the patient is supported well. Health and safety standards should be maintained at all times. Patient Management: The patient will need to be monitored at all times through the x-ray procedure as any changes in her condition could be life threatening. She has suspect perforation. As defined by Oxford (2010), perforation is the creation of a hole in an organ, a tissue or a tube inside the body. A disease, allowing the contents of the intestine to penetrate the peritoneal cavity, can cause this. Basic observation that need to be made while in an x-ray department are pulse, respiration and temperature, as these are easy observations which can be the first signs of changing conditions. The patient is also in a lot of pain. Pain can be assessed by talking to the patient and by watching the way the patient behaves. (Field and Smith, 2008). As the patient has come with a nurse from another hospital department she may have been given pain management such as morphine or paracetamol, and the radiographer should ask the nurse this when the patient first arrives. Other methods of pain management, which incl ude no drugs and can be easily implemented in an x-ray department, include keeping the patient calm, relaxed and distracting the patient from the pain. This can be done by talking to the patient, either with or without the use of an interpreter depending on the needs. If the patients condition worsened when in the radiography department the scan may not be possible and emergency action may be necessary. This would involve calling in emergency nurses and doctors to help. The patient would need to be transferred to the relevant part of the hospital for care. Inter-professional Collaboration: Inter-professional collaboration is an essential component in healthcare. The College of Nurses of Ontario (2008) believe it means working together with other members of the healthcare team who each make an individual contribution to achieving a common goal or purpose. A number of professions have already been included in the care of the female patient; the nurse who is accompanying her, the doctor who referred her to the x-ray department, porters and possibly many more such as paramedics and triage nurses. The radiographer will need to work with the nurse and the brother to help the patient and possibly with an interpreter to help with translations and communicating with the patient. The referral card will have a doctors name and signature, which needs to be checked before the x-ray can be taken. This requires inter-professional collaboration as only certain qualified staff can refer patients to the x-ray department. As the patient is on a trolley and in pain she may not be able to move herself onto the x-ray table. Extra staff will then be required to help with manual handling when moving the patient from the trolley to the table. Porters will be needed to transport the patient after the x-ray has been taken. The x-ray image will need to be sent to colleagues who can then make a plan of care. If surgery is needed then information will need to be supplied to them. Inter-professional collaboration makes healthcare efficient and as radiographers work with every department in a hospital, it is vital that inter-professional collaboration is enforced. Conclusion: In summary, it is not only a radiographers duty to take x-ray images of every patient who walks into the department, but also to ensure that their experience is beneficial and satisfactory to their needs. This can take many forms as with the female patient, who speaks little English, her needs required special measurements for communication with possible use of an interpreter, pain control, other forms of consent and precautions about giving details to the patients brother. She also requires care as she is wearing an oxygen mask. For this patient, all of her needs and beliefs have to be taken into account, but still whilst working within the law. The radiographer is also obliged to make sure that each patient will be receive the correct care after their visit to the radiography department. For example, information needs to be passed on to relevant professions after the female patients abdomen scan is taken. The patient should be able to leave the radiography department feeling that s he was welcome in the department and knowing that the hospital staff all cared about her well being. This type of care, which has been tailored to suit the patients needs, is not just for patients who cannot speak English or patients who are in pain. Each patient that comes in for a scan needs to be treated individually as everyone has preferences and it is the job of the radiographer to guarantee patient satisfaction on both a healthcare and social level. The patient should always be the priority to anyone in healthcare.

Use of the Female Gothic in Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison Beloved Ess

Use of the Female Gothic in Beloved      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved is a slave narrative, but it encompasses much more than slavery.   Unlike many slave narratives that focus on the male perception of slavery, Morrison's novel portrays slavery from a feminine point of view.   The main characters are Sethe, her daughter, Denver, and the mysterious Beloved.   In the beginning of the novel, Sethe and her daughter live alone in 124, a house that is haunted by the ghost of Sethe's first daughter. Sethe's two older boys, "Howard and Buglar, had run away by the time they were thirteen years old. Soon after the sons have fled, Baby Suggs, Denver's grandmother, dies.   The novel centers on Sethe's past, in particular, the death of her first daughter.   This event dominates the book and the action of the novel revolves around this terrible incident.   In Beloved, Toni Morrison utilizes characteristics of the female gothic novel such as mothering, living within enclosed spaces, and the doubli ng of characters, coupled with dilemmas involving memory and repression, to address the issue of slavery.    Beloved illustrates the notion of the gothic mother through the character of Sethe.   Her motherly love is turned into a horrific image of mercy, one that many find difficult to understand. At the time, slaves were valued as property.   They were bred as if they were horses, with their young snatched away from them, often at birth, and no chance of having a family.   Many children were "permanently separated from any other family members, [and] did not know if or when they would ever see their mother[s] again" (King 527).   Sethe describes her own childhood experience with the woman she knew as her mother and it is typical of the experi... ...illions of lives and Morrison gives those lives names and faces.   The narrative form is an effective tool to bring the reality of slavery and all its misery into everyday life.    Works Cited Goddu, Teresa A. Gothic America. New York: Columbia UP, 1997. King, Wilma. "Within the Professional Household: Slave Children in the Antebellum South." The Historian 59.3 (1997): 523-540. Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror. New York: Columbia UP, 1982. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Samuels, Wilfred and Clenora Hudson-Weems. Ed. Toni Morrison. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. The Coherence of Gothic Conventions. New York: Methuen, 1976. Smith, Valerie. "Circling the Subject: History and Narrative in Beloved." Toni Morrison. Henry Gates, Jr. and K.A. Appiah. Ed. New York: Amistad Press, 1993.

Machiavelli’s Premise Essay

1. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s premise that if given the choice between the two, the prince is better served by being feared than loved? How does Machiavelli make the case for his position (details, modes)? Are his arguments convincing? If you took the self-analysis on high-Mach or low-Mach, what were the results, and were you surprised by your score? 2. What is the thesis of Neil Postman’s forward? Do you agree or disagree with his point of view? Provide support for your position. 1- The prince is better feared than loved, although striking a balance between the two would be best. As Machiavelli stated that the prince should do his utmost to escape hatred and too much fear would create hatred. The prince should try to balance love and fear based on his people and the situation at hand. 2- Both authors have different point of views; Orwell’s view is that we will be deprived of things by externally imposed oppression and by inflicting pain while Huxley’s view is that we will be distracted from our real goals with lust and pleasure. I agree to some extent on both points of views, except for the part that states that what we hate will ruin us. If you hate something that is bad then I don’t see anything wrong with it; I don’t think it can ruin us in any way. On the other hand I agree that lust and desire only lead to greed and other sins which corrupt us. Would time traveling be cool? Time travelling would not be cool. In fact many scientists have done a lot of research on black holes and time warps. Einstein did work on it as well as Stephen Sawking to no avail. Actually Stephen changed his theory on the black holes losing and retaining information twice. If time traveling was possible we would be open to endless opportunities and nothing would be a challenge. Life would be stale without surprises, discoveries and evolution.

How can leaders motivate staff in order to improve efficiency and job satisfaction Essay

In this essay I shall define – motivate, job satisfaction, productivity and leaders. I shall then give a brief history of motivational theories and then discuss McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory; to explain some methods of how staff can be motivated by analysing the 3 main factors in his theory and explain how these factors can motivate staff and to see if motivation does lead to improved productivity, I shall then analyse this theory and thoughts of other theorists to see if motivation also leads to job satisfaction and conclude the results of my research. Motivate – The Oxford University Press (2014) states motivate is to â€Å"provide (someone) with a reason for doing something: he was primarily motivated by the desire for profit† 2014, 2014, February 26th, Oxford University Press, http://www. oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/motivate? q=motivate What is Job Satisfaction? Job Satisfaction is when a person/employee is happy or content in their job. What is Productivity? Productivity is a term used to describe a state, quality or fact of being able to generate, create or improve goods and services. For example at the Chocolate Factory the Work Productivity was increased and 10% more chocolate bars were produced than last year. Or the Council’s Productivity increased after a restructure and they managed to provide more services to customers. What is a Leader? A Leader is someone who leads other people; this could be a manager, director, team leader, politician or anyone who leads people, usually staff or one or more people. Motivational Theories There have been many management theorists throughout the years from 1908 (Henry Ford) to 1990 (Dr Stephen Covey) and other theorists/theories onwards from 1990. David McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory in 1961 identified that there were 3 types of needs for motivation: †¢The Need for Achievement (Goals, Deadlines etc. ) McClelland believed that the Need for Achievement would motivate staff; for example leaders setting goals, targets or deadlines for staff to achieve can motivate their staff to meet these deadlines (or goals) therefore enabling leaders to increase productivity and performance of staff by setting, planning and/or varying these deadlines, goals or targets. Without any goals or deadlines there is no need for the staff to achieve a certain amount of productivity such as producing/finishing a specific amount of work. Therefore I agree with McClelland that there is a motivational need for achievement to motivate staff and this can lead to improved productivity and performance. Many large companies such as Halfolds and MacDonald’s believe that Achievement motivates staff and they have reward systems in place to motivate their staff. By achieving a good performance or a certain level of productivity they can earn rewards, if a worker meets the requirements they may get praise or a reward from their leader there also may be an incentive for the staff member to achieve their/these targets of which motivates them to work harder therefore increasing productivity by McClelland’s motivational need for Achievement. But also when a staff member meets their work goals, targets or deadlines this may improve job satisfaction as they would know they have done well and their standard of work is sufficient to meet their goals even if there is no incentive, but an incentive for the staff to meet goals can help motivate staff further to meet their goals. †¢The Need for Power (Authority) Staff having authority or power McClelland believed would motivate staff, I believe this is because it gives the staff member a sense of importance by having authority and by would undertaking extra responsibilities that people with authority would usually undertake such as managing staff, it also enables them to motivate staff who they have authority over and therefore they can improve performance and productivity by successfully managing their staff as well as improving their job satisfaction, possibly by making changes. The Need for Affiliation (Good/Friendly Working Relationships/Being a part of a team, group, organisation etc. ) Affiliation/s in McClelland’s theory refers to staff being closely affiliated (or associated) which can refer to family, social, business or working relationships. This Affiliation is a state of being associated or affiliated, for example a staff member may be affiliated with a team or organisation and staff being in a team (therefore having affiliation with a team) McClelland believed staff may be more motivated by affiliation as they are associated with other staff who may most likely be working towards a similar outcome to themselves and as a part of a team they may wish to be or become a team player and motivate themselves and other team members. For instance I have affiliation with the University of West London Business Studies Course and as a student I am affiliated and effectively a part of a group of students, I am motivated to help other students as they wish to achieve the same outcome as me (a degree) and as I have affiliation with this group I am therefore self-motivated to achieve the same standard of work as my group or excel them and therefore I agree that there is a need for Affiliation and I believe this motivates me and my performance and productivity is improved as a direct result of Affiliation. McClelland believed that the majority of people have or show a combination of these 3 types of needs and some favour specific needs or a combination of these needs. Matching the correct needs to the person can strongly improve their work productivity, performance and behaviour but can increasing motivation therefore lead to an improvement in job satisfaction? McClelland does specify in his theory that motivation can improve performance and work productivity, but he does not specify that it can lead to improved job satisfaction but from analysing his theory above you can see that 2 Motivational needs factors in his theory (the need for authority and the need for achievement) can lead to improved job satisfaction, this is backed up by the fact that McClelland’s motivational theory shows that motivation can lead to improved performance of staff and there is a direct link between improved performance and improved job satisfaction. The 3rd factor â€Å"The Need for Affiliation† through personal experience at university and working as a part of team at various work places, I believe can also improve performance and job satisfaction). Naylor, Pritchard, & Ilgen; 1980; Vroom, 1964 state that; â€Å"expectancy-based theories of motivation generally stipulate that satisfaction follows from the rewards produced by performance. † Lawler and Porter (1967) who were â€Å"expectancy theorists themselves argued that performance would lead to job satisfaction through the provision of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. As these authors noted, briefly stated, good performance may lead to rewards, which in turn lead to satisfaction. † The Job Satisfaction-Job Performance Relationship: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review 2001, 376-379, American Psychological Association, Inc, 3 I can conclude that leaders can motivate there staff using motivational theories such as McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction. I have also came up with my own theory based on McClelland’s Motivational Needs theory and the work of Naylor, Pritchard, & Ilgen; 1980; Vroom, 1964, Lawler and Porter (1967). Josh Albright’s (2014) Motivational Flow Theory I agree with McClelland’s theory; which I have discovered to some extent also agrees with other theorists (such as Naylor, Pritchard, Ilgen, Vroom, Lawler and Porter) that motivation leads to improved performance (productivity) and job satisfaction, In order to increase job satisfaction and productivity you must increase motivation. The diagram I drew below shows that the more motivation is increased or â€Å"poured into staff† the more job satisfaction and productivity will thereby be increased.